The first step is contacting Social Security directly

You start the disability process by reaching out to Social Security, not through a doctor, employer, or any other organization. Social Security handles all Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) claims. You can contact them by phone, in person, or online — and the method you choose affects how quickly things move forward.

The fastest way is usually calling 1-800-772-1213 (TTY 1-800-325-0778 for deaf and hard of hearing callers). A representative will ask basic questions about your condition, work history, and whether you've applied before. This call typically takes 15 to 30 minutes. If you prefer to start online, you can create an account at ssa.gov and begin an process there, though you'll still need to speak with someone by phone before your claim moves forward. You can also walk into your local Social Security office, though wait times vary widely by location.

Key Takeaways

  • You must contact Social Security directly by calling 1-800-772-1213, visiting ssa.gov, or going to a local office — no other organization can start your claim for you.
  • During your first contact, Social Security will ask about your medical condition, when it started, your work history, and any previous applications.
  • You do not need to have all your medical records ready before you call, but you should have your Social Security number and basic information about your doctors.
  • The entire process from first contact to a decision typically takes three to six months, though some cases take longer if Social Security needs more medical evidence.

What information you need to have ready

Before you call or visit, gather a few key pieces of information. You'll need your Social Security number, the names and phone numbers of your doctors and hospitals, and the dates you last worked (if you have worked). You should also know when your condition started and what it prevents you from doing.

You do not need to have medical records, test results, or a formal diagnosis letter before you contact Social Security. Social Security will request those documents from your doctors after you file. However, if you already have recent medical records at home, having them nearby during your call can help you answer questions more accurately. If you're unsure about dates or details, it's better to say so than to guess — Social Security can verify information later.

What happens during your initial contact

When you call or meet with Social Security, a representative will walk you through a structured interview. They will ask about your condition, when it began, what symptoms you experience, and how it affects your ability to work. They'll ask about your work history — the jobs you've held, how long you worked, and when you stopped working. They'll also ask whether you've applied for disability before and, if so, what happened with that claim.

This is not a medical evaluation. The representative is gathering information to create your file, not deciding whether you're disabled. Be honest and specific about what you can and cannot do. If a question doesn't make sense or you don't understand it, ask them to rephrase it. The more detail you provide now, the clearer your file will be when a medical examiner reviews it later.

Choosing between SSDI and SSI

Social Security will determine which program you may be potentially may be able to access for based on your work history and income. If you've worked and paid Social Security taxes, you're likely explore for SSDI. If you have little or no work history, or if your income and resources are very low, you may be explore for SSI instead. Some people explore for both at the same time.

The difference matters because SSDI is based on your work record, while SSI is based on financial need. SSDI has no income or resource limits, but SSI does. Social Security will explain which program fits your situation during your initial contact. If you're unsure which one applies to you, ask — the representative can clarify based on the information you provide.

What Social Security does after your initial contact

After your call or visit, Social Security will send you a notice in the mail confirming that your claim has been filed. This notice includes a claim number and the date your claim began. Keep this notice — you'll need the claim number for any future contact with Social Security.

Social Security will then request medical records from the doctors and hospitals you named. This process usually takes two to four weeks. Once Social Security has your records, a medical examiner or psychologist will review them to determine whether your condition meets Social Security's definition of disability. You may be asked to attend a consultative examination — an appointment with a doctor Social Security arranges and pays for — if your medical records don't contain enough detail about your current condition.

Timeline from start to decision

The time from your first contact to a decision varies. Initial claims typically take three to six months, though some take longer if Social Security needs additional medical evidence or if you're asked to attend a consultative examination. If your claim is denied and you appeal, the timeline extends significantly — appeals can take one to two years or more, depending on whether you request reconsideration, a hearing before an administrative law judge, or further review.

You can check the status of your claim by calling Social Security, logging into your account on ssa.gov, or visiting your local office. Social Security will also send you notices in the mail at key points — when your claim is received, when it's being reviewed, and when a decision has been made.

What to do if you need help with the process

You can represent yourself throughout the disability process, and many people do. However, some people choose to work with a disability representative — either a lawyer or a non-lawyer advocate. These representatives know the process, can help gather medical evidence, and can represent you at a hearing if your claim is denied and you appeal.

If you work with a representative, Social Security must approve them before they can act on your behalf. Representatives are paid only if your claim is approved — their fee comes from your back pay (the money owed from the date your disability began), not from you upfront. You can find approved representatives through the Social Security website or through disability advocacy organizations in your area.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do I need a lawyer to start the disability process?

No. You can contact Social Security and file your claim on your own. Many people do. A lawyer or representative can be helpful if your claim is denied and you need to appeal, but you don't need one to begin.

What if I'm still working but want to start the disability process?

You can file while working, though your earnings may affect whether you're found disabled. Social Security looks at whether you're working at a substantial level — generally, earning more than $1,550 per month (the amount changes yearly) suggests you may be able to work. Tell Social Security about your current job during your initial contact.

Can someone else call Social Security on my behalf?

Yes, if you give Social Security permission. You can have a family member, friend, or representative call and provide information about your condition. However, Social Security will likely need to speak with you directly at some point to verify details and ask questions only you can answer.

What if I don't have a doctor or medical records?

Tell Social Security during your initial contact. Social Security can arrange a consultative examination with a doctor they pay for, which creates a medical record for your file. You won't be charged for this exam. However, having at least one doctor who knows your condition makes the process smoother.

Can I change my mind after I start the process?

Yes. You can withdraw your claim at any time before a decision is made by contacting Social Security. If you've already received a decision and want to withdraw, you can do that too, though the rules are slightly different. Contact your local Social Security office to discuss your options.